➢First, transgender or intersex people are recognized in Indian law as “third gender”.
➢They are known as hijra which is Hindustani word.
➢They are also known as aravani,aruvani,jogappa,chhakka.
➢The hijra community in india prefer to call themselves kinnar or kinner.
➢Since the late 20th century, some hijra activists and non-
government organisation (NGOs) have lobbied for official
recognition of the hijra as a kind of "third sex" or "third
gender", as neither man nor woman.
Hijras have successfully gained this recognition in
Bangladesh and are eligible for priority in education and
certain kinds of low paid jobs.
In India, the supreme court in April 2014 recognized hijras,
transgender people, eunuchs, and intersex people as a
'third gender' in law.
Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh have all legally
accepted the existence of a third gender, with India,
Pakistan and Nepal including an option for them on
passport and certain official document.
TERMINOLOGY
➢
Since the late 20th century, some hijra activists and non-
government organisation (NGOs) have lobbied for official
recognition of the hijra as a kind of "third sex" or "third
gender", as neither man nor woman.
Hijras have successfully gained this recognition in
Bangladesh and are eligible for priority in education and
certain kinds of low paid jobs.[
In India, the supreme court in April 2014 recognized hijras,
transgender people, eunuchs, and intersex people as a
'third gender' in law.
Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh have all legally
accepted the existence of a third gender, with India,
Pakistan and Nepal including an option for them on
passport and certain official document.
TERMINOLOGY:
The hindustani word hijra may alternately be
romanized as hijira, hijda, hijada, hijara, hijrah and is
pronounced Hindustani pronunciation.
➢There are number of term as per culturally
and linguistically , which is shows in below table:
GENDER AND SEXUALITY
These identities have no exact match in the
modern Western taxonomy of gender and sexual
orientation and challenge Western ideas of sex
and gender.
In India, some Hijras do not define themselves by
specific sexual orientation, but rather by
renouncing sexuality altogether. Sexual energy is
transformed into sacred powers.
SOCIAL STATUS AND ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES
Most hijras live at the margins of society with very low
status.
The Indian lawyer and author Rajesh Talwar has written a
book, titled “The Third Sex and Human Rights”
It is highlighting the human rights abuses suffered by the
community.
They get their income from extortion (forced payment by
disrupting work/life using demonstrations and
interference), performing at ceremonies , begging .
As with transgender people in most of the world, they face
extreme discrimination in health, housing, education,
employment, immigration, law, and any bureaucracy that
is unable to place them into male or female gender
categories.
LANGUAGE :
The hijra community developed a secret language known
as Hijra Farsi.
IN RELIGION :
Hijras belong to a special caste They are usually
devotees of the mother goddess Bahuchara
Mata, Lord Shiva.
Bahuchara Mata is a Hindu goddess with two
unrelated stories both associated with transgender
behavior.
The primary temple to this goddess is located
in Gujarat.
One story is that she appeared in the avatar of a
princess who castrated her husband because he
would run in the woods and act like a woman rather
than have sex with her.
One of the forms of Lord Shiva is a merging
with Parvati where together they are Ardhanari, a
god that is half Shiva and half Parvati.
Ardhanari has special significance as a patron of hijras, who identify with the gender ambiguity.
1 Comments
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete